Agrochemicals and Shade Complexity Affect Soil Quality in Coffee Home Gardens

Soil quality can directly influence the health, yield, and of a particular crop species, agrochemicals are often used to boost soil micro- macro-nutrients. The excessive application agrochemicals, however, is cause imbalances in acidity nutrient concentration deteriorate. presence multiple shade trees farmland positively quality. Here, we evaluate effect agrochemical use (i.e., organic, mixed, intensive) tree complexity sun, low, high) on pH, macronutrients, micronutrients) 56 coffee home gardens Indonesia. We found that Al, Fe, K, Mn were significantly higher farms pH was more acidic fields with intensive agrochemicals. C:N ratio soils high than sun-exposed soils. not sustainable as it increases Al decreases both which associated poor growth reduced Shade removal invasive, non-native such eucalyptus, also negatively quality, thus maintenance complex cover native should be prioritised.